Definitions, Health Warnings and Data Sources
Adults with mental health problems aged 18-64 helped to live at home The tables and graphs are based on data collected for the first round of PAF indicators and are drawn from 1998/9 figures which are based on central government returns on home help, daycare and meals on wheels services. Although 1999/2000 data is available, the KIGS data was incomplete. Readers should note that this PAF indicator will in future be based on RAP returns, which includes a much wider range of services than the above, making historical comparisons difficult. The indicator includes all adults with mental health problems aged 18-64 in receipt of social services provision, and takes no account of the intensity of that provision. It may therefore be used as an indicator of how much low level care is provided. DH guidance suggests that a medium to high rate indicates a good performance, whilst a very high number may suggest that too many resources are being used for this client group, possibly at the expense of others, (DH 2000). This indicator takes no account of supported housing or supported living services which may be critical to help people with mental health problems live in the community, although the RAP based indicator will include these services. The population denominator used is the 1998 mid year population estimate of people aged 18-64 in each authority and assumes that the prevalence of severe mental ill health is uniform across the country, (which is clearly not the case, with higher rates in the poorer more urban parts of the country). The tables compare the results of all local authorities in the Yorkshire and Humber region, whilst the graph compares results within each 'near neighbour' cluster. The tables and graphs are based on data collected for the first round of PAF indicators and are drawn from 1998/9 figures which are based on central government returns on home help, daycare and meals on wheels services. Although 1999/2000 data is available, the KIGS data was incomplete. Readers should note that this PAF indicator will in future be based on RAP returns, which includes a much wider range of services than the above, making historical comparisons difficult. Basic Skills/Literacy/Numeracy In 1996 and 1997 the Opinion Research Bureau (O.R.B) undertook a series of regional surveys to estimate the level of basic literacy and numeracy skills in selected local authority areas in England. This was done on behalf of the Basic Skills Agency. The results of the research have been used to predict the percent of the population with poor basic skills in each of the 364 unitary authorities in England and all unitary authorities have been classified according to the percent of the population who are likely to have problems with literacy or numeracy. All people interviewed were aged between 16 and 60 and (part)-educated in the UK. The sample excludes persons not fluent in spoken English. Controls were set up for age, gender and working status to ensure a structured sample of the English population, thus enabling conclusions to be drawn about the average level of basic literacy and numeracy skills amongst the population at large. The tests were designed to assess everyday reading, writing and numeracy skills. Three percent of respondents terminated the interview before completing all the tasks and were excluded form the calculations. Overall performance was classified as: Average and Above, Low, Lower or Very Low depending on the number of correct answers given across each set of tasks. Some mistakes were allowed. People classified as Very Low or Lower would be expected to have difficulties with at least some everyday literacy/numeracy requirements and might need intensive assistance to reach national standards. A total of 9% of the original 8804 respondents were classified Very Low/Lower for literacy and 12% Very Low/Lower for numeracy. The survey results were then analysed by ACORN group, a socio-demographic classification developed by CACI Ltd. The number of residents aged 16-60 in each ACORN group was then calculated for each LA and the survey results applied to these population estimates to extrapolate the number of residents that could be expected to be classified as “Very Low/Lower” for literacy and numeracy. The same was done at ward level for each UA. The predictions should approximate the actual skills profile. It enables ranking of UAs according to the likely level of basic skills within their populations. HEALTH WARNINGS
Income Support is a non-contributory benefit, which is generally only available to people who are not required to be available for work, such as pensioners, lone parents and sick and disabled people. (In October 1996 Job Seekers Allowance replaced IS for unemployed people). Following recent work by researchers at the University of Oxford on the 2000 Index of Local Deprivation, the DSS agreed to release Income Support and other means-tested benefit data at ward level to local authorities. This was distributed on their behalf by the Improvement Development Agency and forms part of the DETR Indices of Deprivation, 2000. However there are significant health warnings attached to this data. First of all this information is based on a 100% scan of the Income Support Computer System (ISCS), at the DSS, which captures all IS claimant data. Readers should note that this 100% scan is not subject to rigorous validation. Each year the DSS produces data for each local authority based on a 5% scan of the ISCS. This 5% scan is subject to validation and may vary from the 100% scan LA totals. Readers should also note that at this stage, data on Income Support recipients are only available at the level of claimant units, (with the exception of child dependants who have been calculated separately). Actual counts of partners, who may form part of a claimant unit, are not yet available. Finally, the data is based on those people who were both eligible for and who claimed benefits. The rate of take-up may vary from one area to the next as well as between different population groups. It has been estimated for example, that between 20-30% of eligible pensioners do not claim Income Support benefits, (DSS, 1999). Job-Seekers Allowance (Income-based) This means-tested benefit replaced Income Support for unemployed people in October 1996. Family Credit is a weekly tax-free benefit which is available for working people on low incomes who are responsible for bringing up at least one child under the age of 16, (or 19 if in full-time education). This benefit tops up the earnings of some disabled people who are in low paid work. It is aimed in particular at those people on long-term incapacity benefit who have a limited earning capacity Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit are two benefits, which are administered by Local Authorities. Housing benefit is paid to those on low incomes to help contribute towards the costs of renting private or local authority accommodation. Council Tax Benefit is designed to help people on low-income pay their council tax, and is another source of information on the number of people dependent on low incomes in the authority. Because the two schemes generally apply the same eligibility rules, the majority of those claiming Housing Benefit will also be claiming Council Tax Benefit This benefit is not means-tested and is paid to severely disabled people to meet the additional costs of disability. It is payable to both children and adults. Attendance Allowance is a non-means tested benefit paid to people aged over 65 with substantial needs for personal care. Incapacity Benefit and Severe Disablement Allowance These are two benefits which may be claimed by people of working age who are unable to work due to a chronic health problem or disability. These two benefits cannot be paid at the same time. The numbers of people receiving them can therefore be combined. This is a national survey, which is carried out by Act of Parliament every ten years. The 1991 Census took place in April 1991 and was the 19th decennial census undertaken in this country. It consisted of twenty or so questions on the social and housing conditions of the British population which everyone present or usually resident in the country on Census night were required to complete. Because it is conducted every ten years it is a unique source of data for studying social change. This form of 'social accounting' is conducted in most countries around the world. The next census will take place in this country in April 2001. Readers should note the health warnings attached to this raw census data, (see Estimating with Confidence below). For more information on the background to the 1991 Census readers should refer to the 1991 Census User Guide, Dale and Marsh, HMSO, 1993. 1991 Census – Incomplete Coverage Readers should note that the 1991 census data is subject to incomplete coverage, first of all because the census inevitably misses some people, and secondly, because students are usually counted at their home address, rather than term-time address. In 1991, the level of undercount suggested by national demographic checks came to over 1 million people in Great Britain, or about 2% of the population. The 1991 Census User’s Guide suggests that ‘anyone for whom precise population figures are important should therefore think carefully about using the raw census data’ and recommends using the 1991 EWC figures, or more recent population estimates, instead, (Dale & Marsh, 1993). They also advise those people who are using variables which are strongly related to age and sex, and where relationships between variables may be biased by failing to take account of the missing 2%, to check this with a set of adjustment factors to see whether this makes any difference. If it does then the weighted estimates are to be preferred. The Table below shows those factors by which the census counts in Great Britain have been adjusted to allow for an undercount. Adjustment factors for estimated under-enumeration in 1991 Census
Source: Dale and Marsh, 1993, p166 These factors are for Great Britain, although it is assumed that they are sufficiently uniform across the country to apply locally to local or health authority areas. Estimating with Confidence estimates for 1991 suggest an undercount of approximately 3,788 residents in the East Riding of Yorkshire, which is equivalent to just over 1% of the 1991 census figure. Compendium of Clinical Health Indicatorsmon Data Set This data set is compiled and produced each year by the Department of Health. It provides information about causes of death as well as trend data on such things as low birth-weight, and teenage conceptions, to allow authorities to monitor their progress towards national health targets. This information is available at health authority and local authority level. Where possible, we have presented rates with 95% confidence intervals. This gives a measure of precision of the rate, ranging from a lower to an upper rate within which the true rate may confidently lie. The wider the range of possible scores within the lower and upper confidence limits, the less precise the rate. DETR Indices of Deprivation, 2000 The definitions below are drawn from the DETR publication, ‘Indices of Deprivation - Regeneration Research Summary, Number 31’, 2000, DETR.
In August 2000, the DETR released a detailed analysis of deprivation in England. This followed a fundamental review of the 1998 Index of Local Deprivation, undertaken by a team led by Michael Noble of Oxford University. The Indices of Deprivation include 33 indicators on key aspects of deprivation such as low income, unemployment, poor health and access to education and training, giving accurate results for every ward in England. Scores and rankings of all 354 local authority districts are available on six district level measures of deprivation. These measures are designed to reflect the different patterns of deprivation in different types of area. The six Domain Indices available at ward level are, Income, Employment, Health Deprivation and Disability, Education Skills and Training, Housing and Geographical Access to Services. In addition to this, there is an overall ward level Index of Multiple Deprivation 2000 (IMD 2000), based on the six separate domain indices and a supplementary Child Poverty ward level Index. These eight Indices are also each assigned a national rank. There are 8,414 wards in England. The most deprived ward in the country for each Index is given a rank of 1, and the least deprived ward is given a rank of 8414. The scores for the Income and Employment Domains are rates. So for example if a ward scores 38.6 in the Income Domain, this means that 38.6% of the ward’s population are Income Deprived. The same applies to the Employment Domain. The scores for the remaining four domains are not rates. Within a domain, the higher the score, the more deprived a ward is. However, the factor scores should not be compared between domains as they have different minimum and maximum values, and ranges. To compare between domains, the ranks should be used. A rank of 1 is assigned to the most deprived ward, and a rank of 8414 is assigned to the least deprived ward, for presentation. Each of the domains is measured at ward level, using the administrative boundaries as at 1st April 1998. The domains and indicators in the ID 2000 can be found below.
Back to DETR Indices of Deprivation, 2000 The Income Domain measure measures people who are on a low income. The indicators in this domain are in the form of non-overlapping counts of people in families in receipt of means tested benefits. Including: • Adults in Income Support households (DSS) for 1998 • Children in Income Support households (DSS) for 1998 • Adults in Income Based Job Seekers Allowance households (DSS) for 1998 • Children in Income Based Job Seekers Allowance households (DSS) for 1998 • Adults in Family Credit households (DSS) for 1999 • Children in Family Credit households (DSS) for 1999 • Adults in Disability Working Allowance households (DSS) for 1999 • Children in Disability Working Allowance households (DSS) for 1999 • Non-earning, non-IS pensioner and disabled Council Tax Benefit recipients (DSS) for 1998 apportioned to wards Back to DETR Indices of Deprivation, 2000 The Child Poverty Index is a subset of the Income Domain Index, and shows the percentage of children in each ward that live in families that claim means tested benefits, (Income Support, Job Seekers Allowance (Income Based), Family Credit and Disability Working Allowance). The Child Poverty Index is not combined with the other domains into the overall Index of Multiple Deprivation as child poverty is already captured in the Income Domain. A Child Poverty Index score of, for example, 24.6 means that 24.6% of 0-16 year olds in that ward are living in families claiming means tested benefits. Back to DETR Indices of Deprivation, 2000 ‘Employment deprived’ are defined as those who want to work but are unable to do so through unemployment, sickness or disability. The domain measures forced exclusion from the world of work. This is seen as a separate deprivation from the income deprivation to which lack of employment may lead. The indicators in this domain constitute non-overlapping counts of those excluded from the labour market through unemployment, ill health or disability, including: • Unemployment claimant counts (JUVOS, ONS) average of May 1998, August 1998, November 1998 and February 1999 • People out of work but in TEC delivered government supported training (DfEE) • People aged 18-24 on New Deal options (ES) • Incapacity Benefit recipients aged 16-59 (DSS) for 1998 • Severe Disablement Allowance claimants aged 16-59 (DSS) for 1999 Back to DETR Indices of Deprivation, 2000 This domain identifies people whose quality of life is impaired by either poor health
or disability. It is calculated from the following: Deprivation and Disability: Summary
of Indicators Back to DETR Indices of Deprivation, 2000 Education, Skills and Training Domain This domain measures education deprivation in as direct a way as possible. This is predominantly measured by lack of qualifications amongst adults and children of different ages in a local area. Indicators of children aged 16 and over who are not in full time education and the proportion of 17-year-olds who have not successfully applied for higher education have also been included.
Back to DETR Indices of Deprivation, 2000 This domain identifies people living in unsatisfactory housing, and, in the extreme case, homelessness. It includes data on the following: • Homeless households in temporary accommodation (Local Authority HIP Returns) for 1997-98 • Household overcrowding (1991 Census) • Poor private sector housing (modelled from 1996 English House Condition Survey and RESIDATA) Geographical Access to Services Domain This indicator focuses on access to essential services for people with low incomes (on benefits) for the first three indicators. Access to primary schools was measured for all 5-8 year olds. It includes: • Access to a post office (General Post Office Counters) for April 1998 • Access to food shops (Data Consultancy) 1998 • Access to a GP (NHS, BMA, Scottish Health Service) for October 1997 • Access to a primary school (DfEE) for 1999 The overall Index of Multiple Deprivation 2000 The overall Index of Multiple Deprivation 2000 describes the ward by combining information from all six domains: Income, Employment, Health, Education, Housing and Access. The overall ward level IMD 2000 is then ranked in the same way as the Domain Indices. For more details on how this index was constructed see, http://www.regeneration.detr.gov.uk/rs/03100/pdf/rrs03100.pdf. Back to DETR Indices of Deprivation, 2000 East Riding and Hull Health Authority East Riding and Hull Health Authority is presently responsible for commissioning health services across the two local authorities of Hull and the East Riding of Yorkshire. The ERHHA boundary is coterminous with these two local authorities. The enumeration district is the basic geographical building block of the 1991 Census data. For the purposes of the census, each electoral ward was divided into a number of enumeration districts, (EDs), of about 200 households each, which are small enough for a single enumerator (Census worker) to cover successfully in a three-week period. One of the essential characteristics of these EDs is that they should conform to existing statutory boundaries, namely, electoral wards. The ward boundaries in this authority changed in April 1996, post local government reorganisation Estimating with Confidence, (EWC), 1991 EWC is a programme of research, which was developed to find ways of adjusting the 91 census data at small area level to make allowances for any local undercounts. Estimating with Confidence estimates for 1991 suggest an undercount of approximately 3,788 residents in the East Riding of Yorkshire, which is equivalent to just over 1% of the 1991 census figure. EWC estimates are available at ward level for the total population, under 16s and those aged 16-59 years of age, and are derived from information released during consultation for the DETR, Indices of Deprivation, 2000. Statutory homelessness is measured according to the provisions of the homelessness legislation (specifically the 1996 Housing Act). Homelessness is not the same as literally having no home – this is referred to as rough sleeping or rooflessness. The majority of people who have been accepted as homeless by the Council will either be living in temporary accommodation or in other hostel accommodation, or will still be living in a home from which they are about to be made homeless. Learning disabled adults helped to live at home The tables and graphs are based on data collected for the first round of PAF indicators and are drawn from 1998/9 figures which are based on central government returns on home help, daycare and meals on wheels services. Although 1999/2000 data is available, the KIGS data was incomplete. Readers should note that this PAF indicator will in future be based on RAP returns, which includes a much wider range of services than the above, making historical comparisons difficult. The indicator includes all learning disabled adults aged 18-64 in receipt of provision, and takes no account of the intensity of that provision. It may therefore be used as an indicator of how much low level care is provided. DH guidance suggests that a medium to high rate indicates a good performance, whilst a very high number may suggest that too many resources are being used for this client group, possibly at the expense of others, (DH 2000). The population denominator used is the 1998 mid year population estimate of people aged 18-64 in each authority. This assumes that the prevalence of learning disability within the adult population is the same across all local authorities. Most recent estimates suggest a prevalence of between 3-4 per 1000. The tables compare the results of all local authorities in the Yorkshire and Humber region, whilst the graph compares results within each 'near neighbour' cluster. This 1991 census question provided basic information on the general incidence of morbidity and was not concerned with specific illnesses, health problems, handicaps or disabilities as such. The question wording was: 'Does the person have any long-term illness, health problems or handicap which limits his/her daily activities or the work he/she can do?' The response options were Yes or No. Looked after children are those children who are in the local authority's care. Children may become looked after for a variety of reasons, to help support their families in times of need, or in some cases to protect children from harm. Many looked after children are placed with relative carers, and most will ultimately return home, often within days or weeks of admission. The data presented here is based on annual birth extract information supplied by the ONS to the health authority. The original data set included all births, including still births. For the purposes of this ward analysis we have excluded all births under 501 grams and analysed three years worth of data, whereas the national data set includes both live and still births for 1999 only. The upper limit for the records was set at 2500 grams. None of the differences between the wards were statistically significant. 29 of the 14324 SHHA records could not be geo-coded. Each year between the decennial census, the ONS releases mid-year estimates of the national and local population. This involves ageing-on the population by one year; subtracting deaths; adding births and making adjustments for migration. These estimates are released in August each year and are always at least twelve months behind the current year. The 1998 ward based estimates included in our tables are based on those released by the Oxford University research team during their consultation on denominators for the DETR Indices of Deprivation, 2000. These estimates were accepted by the local authority as a reasonable estimation of the distribution of residents across the local authority’s wards in that year. The Mental Illness Needs Index (MINI) brings together a number of social and economic factors, which according to research undertaken in the South East Thames Region are associated with high rates of admission to acute psychiatric inpatient care. The index was developed by Giles Glover at the PRISM institute of Psychiatry. The Index is derived from 1991 census data on the following:
The MINI score is one way of comparing potential mental health needs between geographic areas, where a score of 100 equals the national average. The predicted inpatient prevalence rate is a more precise measure of acute mental health needs and indicates the likely number of inpatient admissions in an area based on the characteristics of the local residents. The authors claim that the MINI predicted inpatient prevalence rate predicts the numbers of people with acute mental health needs better than the Jarman UPA score and at least as well as the York Psychiatric Needs Index. Because it is based on census data, MINI can also be used to predict inpatient prevalence at a small area level. (Readers should note that the rates employed here are the predicted prevalence rates per ward, rather than the MINI Index Score). There are a number of health warnings associated with MINI
The index can be used to compare relative need with actual spend in an area, or to compare allocation of resources within local trusts. National Housing Condition Survey This is a national sample survey undertaken every 5 years on behalf of the Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions, (DETR), to monitor the quality of the U.K’s housing stock and to provide information for policy making. National Performance Indicators on Poverty and Social Exclusion The Government’s first annual report on ‘Tackling Poverty and Social Exclusion’, outlined a number of proposed indicators for measuring progress towards central government objectives on reducing poverty and income inequality, (DSS, 1999). Some of these 32 indicators build on targets and indicators already in place in Public Service Agreements, Performance Assessment Frameworks, Health of the Nation Targets and so on, whilst others were still under development. Twelve months later, a second report was published, called ‘Opportunity for all – One year On’. As well as plotting progress on these of these government targets, this second report included an additional 4 indicators. Please look at the Indicators page for a summary of the indicators. The Government also plan to announce, in due course, a target to reduce to zero the number of local education authorities where fewer than a set percentage of pupils achieve level 4 in the Key Stage 2 English and maths tests, thus narrowing the attainment gap. An indicator will be agreed that is linked to this target. NHS Register - Exeter Database There are difficulties in using the 1991 Census as a basis for planning, not least because of the age of the data. When looking at large areas such as health authorities or local authorities, mid-year population estimates may be adequate for planning purposes. However, when looking at smaller, less geographically bound areas, such as Primary Health Care Team areas, district teams, or GP practices, such population estimates can prove problematic because teams and practices may draw in patients from a range of different wards. In this case it makes more sense to draw on data held on GP practice lists. Each health authority holds a database of all patients who are registered on their GP Practice lists. These lists record basic information on age, gender and postcode and can be used to estimate the size of the local resident population. The reliability of these practice lists is variable because of the mobility of young people, such as students and because of delays in removing people who have died or migrated from the area. Nationally, it is estimated that GP Practice lists are inflated by an average of 5.9%. (Carr-Hill, 1999). There is also evidence that some of the most serious over-counts occur amongst young male students who remain registered with health authorities close to their academic institution, sometimes for lengthy periods after completion of their studies. Local checks suggest that list inflation is lower than the national average in the Humber area and may be as low as 2%. For the purposes of these atlas tables, anonymised data was extracted from this database on April 30 1999 and analysed by electoral ward, SSD and by PCG. All non-residents who are registered with local GPs were excluded from this analysis. This data is represented alongside 1991 census population data and the latest mid-year estimates to allow comparisons to be made. Where population rates are calculated the denominator is clearly labelled on each table and map. NOMIS (National On-Line Manpower Information Service) Official data on employment and unemployment trends has been available electronically for a number of years via NOMIS. This service is managed by the Department for Education and Employment and gives subscribers on-line access to monthly unemployment data and other statistics as soon as it is released by central government. This was accessed on our behalf by the local authority. Older people helped to live at home The tables and graphs are based on data collected for the first round of PAF indicators and are drawn from 1998/9 figures which are based on central government returns on home help, daycare and meals on wheels services. Although 1999/2000 data is available, the KIGS data was incomplete. Readers should note that this PAF indicator will in future be based on RAP returns, which includes a much wider range of services than the above, making historical comparisons difficult. The indicator includes all people aged 65+ in receipt of social services provision, and takes no account of the intensity of that provision. It may therefore be used as an indicator of how much low level care is provided. DH guidance suggests that a medium to high rate indicates a good performance, whilst a very high number may suggest that too many resources are being used for this client group, possibly at the expense of others, (DH 2000). The population denominator used is the 1998 mid year population estimate of people aged 65+ in each authority, although it has been suggested that a more useful denominator would be the population of 75+ not in hospital, if a reliable estimate were available. The tables compare the results of all local authorities in the Yorkshire and Humber region, whilst the graph compares results within each 'near neighbour' cluster. It has been suggested that the indicator should include some measure of success in rehabilitation, where appropriate, as at present this indicator may lead to services being inappropriately maintained long-term, thereby maintaining dependency. The SSRG Guidance suggests that further local analyses might include, relating rates to the numbers of people likely to be in need, - using age, or benefit data, (SSRG, 2000). ONS (Office for National Statistics) This is a government agency, which provides information and statistics for central and local government, (previously known as the Office for Population Censuses and Surveys). There are a number of different definitions of overcrowding. The measure commonly based on 1991 census data is the number of residents living in homes where there is more than one person per room. Rooms are defined as living or dining rooms, large kitchens over 2 metres wide, bedrooms and other rooms. Bathrooms, hallways, small kitchens are excluded. Performance Assessment Framework The White Paper Modernising Social Services set out new arrangements to assess the performance of each council with personal social services, (PSS), responsibility Currently there are 50 PSS PAF indicators, which are intended to provide an annual overview of each council's performance. All of these indicators are drawn from nationally available data sets.
The Office for National Statistics published sub-regional population projections in December 1998. These project the authority's population in five-yearly intervals up to the year 2021. In a health context, the term prevalence refers to the number of cases of a disease, or condition that is observed in a population at a specific point in time. The prevalence rate is calculated by dividing the number of observed cases of a condition in a particular area by the size of the total relevant population. Using prevalence rates enables the prevalence of a particular condition or disease to be compared across areas with different population sizes. For example, Authority A contains 500 adults aged 16-64 with a diagnosis of severe mental illness, compared with 1500 in Authority B. However Authority B has a population five times the size of Authority A. By dividing the number of cases in each authority by the total population of adults aged 16-64 in each area, one arrives at the following prevalence rates: Authority A = 500/98,000 = 5 per 1000 or 0.05% of the adult population aged 16-64 compared with, Authority B = 1500/700,000 = 2 per 1000 or 0.021%. Clearly prevalence may vary according to age, gender and other population characteristics. Where possible account should be taken of these factors when calculating rates. Primary Care Groups/Trusts (PCGs/PCTs) PCGs were created by the 1998 NHS reforms and formally came into being in April 1999. All GP Practices and Primary Health Care Teams now belong to a Primary Care Group of roughly equal size, the recommended size being around 100,000 population. Whilst these groups are led by primary care, they contain representatives from local authority and voluntary sector agencies. Ultimately, the government intends that these PCGs should replace health authorities as the main commissioners of health services in their areas, although the pace of change is likely to vary from one authority to the next. Because PCGs and PCTs are based on practice lists rather than catchment populations, their boundaries will not conform to existing organisational boundaries. For the purposes of this document, the PCG boundaries employed are based on approximations to electoral ward areas. This means that the PCG totals are likely to include patients who are residents of the local authority but who are registered with PCGs which fall outside the East Riding of Yorkshire area. Similarly, non-resident patients who are registered with local GP practices have been excluded from the analysis. This will apply particularly around the boundaries with Kingston upon Hull, North Lincolnshire and North Yorkshire. There are two PCGs covering the East Riding of Yorkshire. It is well known that recorded crime figures understate the true level of crime. According to national research, reporting varies by crime type, from 87% for theft of a motor vehicle and 67% for burglary with loss, down to 29% for burglary with no loss and theft from the person, (Mirrlees-Black et al, 1998). Readers should take this factor into account when interpreting the data tables. Whilst the Humberside police force area does have higher than average rates of recorded crime, it is possible, and indeed likely, that at least part of this difference is accounted for by recording practice. It seems that more crimes are recorded by the police in Humberside than elsewhere, perhaps as a result of early computerisation. Readers should also note that the recorded crime statistics presented here reflect where the offence was committed rather than the address of the victim, (the only obvious exception to this being domestic burglary). Crime rates, or the number of crimes per head of population, are calculated by dividing the number of recorded crimes by the number of people resident in the area. Therefore the only truly relevant crime rate per head of population is that for domestic burglary. Social Services Areas/Districts For the purposes of commissioning and managing social services, most local authorities are divided into smaller operational areas or districts. At the time of writing, adult services in the East Riding of Yorkshire were divided into 3 administrative areas and 6 social services districts, as illustrated in the boundary map elsewhere on this site. Data is not presented by SSD District here, but is available in CCNAP’s Social Atlas. Special Educational Need and Statements of SEN The arrangements for identifying and providing for children with special educational needs are set out in the 1996 Education Act. A child is defined as having SEN if, 's/he has a learning difficulty which calls for special educational provision'. And a child has a learning difficulty if they:
According to official data sources, just over 1 in 5 pupils in England, 21.6%, have SEN, (http://www.dfee.gov.uk) Of these the vast majority are temporary learning problems, which can be met within their own school. Where needs are more severe or complex, a multidisciplinary assessment may be undertaken and a statement of special education needs issued. On average 2.5% of secondary school pupils have a statement of SEN and 1.6% of primary school pupils. The number of pupils with statements has continued to rise nationally, with 19% more children with statements recorded in 2000 than in 1995. The majority of these children, 60%, are placed in mainstream schools. Of those issued with statement for the first time in 2000, 74% were placed in mainstream school. The statistics reported here are drawn from the SEN2 survey. This records the number of pupils with statements for whom the authority is responsible, regardless of whether or not they are educated in the LEA's own maintained schools, in other LEA schools, or in the independent sector. Other sources quoted in the DFEE data include the national schools survey. This includes children from other LEAs who educated in the area, although not maintained by the local authority. The numbers of pupils with statements educated within an authority may exceed those quoted in the SEN2 survey data, particularly if it contains specialist schools used by other LEAs. The population denominator used to calculate a rate per 1000 for the national figures is the mid-year population estimate. For local ward data we have used the number of children aged 5-15 who in April 1999 were registered with a GP. Standard Industrial Classification A method of grouping industries together into a small number of categories or ‘sectors’. Standardised Mortality Ratio (SMR) The SMR allows deaths in groups with different age and sex distributions to be compared. The SMR is the ratio of the number of deaths observed in a group or population to the number that would be expected if the study population had the same age and sex- specific death rates as a standard population, (usually England, or England and Wales as a whole). The SMR for the standard population is 100. SMRs can be calculated separately for men and women. The data is drawn from a national dataset for England and Wales produced by the Office for National Statistics in 2000. The data covers conceptions of under-18s, which led to maternities or abortions under the 1967 Act. It does not included conceptions resulting in spontaneous miscarriage during the first 23 weeks of gestation nor any illegal abortions. The denominators employed are the ONS mid-year population estimates for each year. Allowance has been made for subsequent births, deaths, migration and ageing of the population. In calculating the conception rates of under 16s, the population of 13-15 year olds has been used, as this is the age group within which most under-16s occur. The figures relate to the woman’s usual place of residence when the maternity or abortion took place, although it is possible that in the case of some abortions a temporary address was supplied. There is no information available for the ward of usual residence at the time of conception. The ward boundaries used are those which existed as April 1999. The number of conceptions for a given age group in a given period will not match the equivalent number of births and abortions. This is mainly due to the time-lag between conception and birth or abortion e.g. a woman may conceive at age 17 but may give birth at age 18 –she will be included in under 18 conception but not in under 18 births. Health Warnings
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